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Table of Contents

  1. 1. Introduction-Overview

    1. 1.1. Historical Origins
      1. 1.1.1. English Common Law
    1. 1.2. Sources of Procedure - Statutes
      1. 1.2.1. Federal Law
      1. 1.2.2. State Laws
    1. 1.3. Writs
      1. 1.3.1. Defined
      1. 1.3.2. Importance
      1. 1.3.3. Relation to Procedure
    1. 1.4. Equity
      1. 1.4.1. Defined
      1. 1.4.2. Procedures Used in Equity Courts
    1. 1.5. Merger of Law and Equity
      1. 1.5.1. Result of Merging Law and Equity in the US
      1. 1.5.2. Right to Jury Trial

  1. 10. Former Adjudication

    1. 10.1. Defined
    1. 10.2. Underlying Policy
    1. 10.3. Impact of Former Adjudication
      1. 10.3.1. Benefits and Burdens
    1. 10.4. Claim Preclusion (a.k.a. res judicata)
      1. 10.4.1. Underlying Policy
      1. 10.4.2. Requirements
        1. 10.4.2.1. Cause of Action
        1. 10.4.2.2. Final
        1. 10.4.2.3. On the Merits
        1. 10.4.2.4. Same Parties Involved
      1. 10.4.3. Principles
      1. 10.4.4. Unascertainable Damages
      1. 10.4.5. Merger or Bar
      1. 10.4.6. Relation to Counterclaim, Cross-claim, or Third Party Claim
      1. 10.4.7. Exceptions to Application of the Doctrine
    1. 10.5. Issue Preclusion (a.k.a. Collateral Estoppel)
      1. 10.5.1. Underlying Policy
      1. 10.5.2. Compared to res judicata
      1. 10.5.3. Requirements
        1. 10.5.3.1. Same Issue
        1. 10.5.3.2. Actually Litigated
        1. 10.5.3.3. Necessarily Determined
      1. 10.5.4. Exceptions to the Application of the Doctrine
      1. 10.5.5. Mutuality of the Doctrine
    1. 10.6. Full Faith and Credit
      1. 10.6.1. When Does It Come Into Play
      1. 10.6.2. Constitutional Basis
      1. 10.6.3. State to Federal Preclusion
      1. 10.6.4. Federal to State Preclusion

  1. 2. Jurisdiction over the Parties

    1. 2.1. Sources of Jurisdiction
      1. 2.1.1. Fairness
      1. 2.1.2. Affiliation with the Forum
      1. 2.1.3. Notice
    1. 2.10. Long Arm Statutes
      1. 2.10.1. Pre and post International Shoe
      1. 2.10.2. Typical Limits States Impose
      1. 2.10.3. Concept of a Single Contact
        1. 2.10.3.1. Torts
        1. 2.10.3.2. Products liability
        1. 2.10.3.3. Contracts
    1. 2.11. Transfer
    1. 2.12. Jurisdiction by Necessity
    1. 2.13. Convenience of Forum
    1. 2.14. Service
      1. 2.14.1. Technicalities of Service
      1. 2.14.2. Methods of Service
      1. 2.14.3. Timing
      1. 2.14.4. Immunity from Process
    1. 2.2. Today’s Ideas Toward Jurisdiction
      1. 2.2.1. International Shoe v. Washington
      1. 2.2.2. Minimum Contacts Doctrine
      1. 2.2.3. Continuous and Systematic Contact
      1. 2.2.4. Constitutional Limits
        1. 2.2.4.1. Affiliation Requirement
        1. 2.2.4.2. Due Process
        1. 2.2.4.3. Reasonable Notice
        1. 2.2.4.4. Opportunity to be heard
    1. 2.3. Jurisdiction over Individuals
      1. 2.3.1. Personal Service
      1. 2.3.2. Transient People
      1. 2.3.3. Domicile
        1. 2.3.3.1. Defined
        1. 2.3.3.2. Different from Residence
      1. 2.3.4. Consent to Jurisdiction
        1. 2.3.4.1. Consent by Filing Suit
        1. 2.3.4.2. Consent by Defendant’s Appearance
        1. 2.3.4.3. Consent by Non-resident Motorist
      1. 2.3.5. Judgment by Confession
    1. 2.4. Jurisdiction Over Corporations
      1. 2.4.1. Consent
        1. 2.4.1.1. Express
        1. 2.4.1.2. Implied
      1. 2.4.2. Presence Concept
    1. 2.5. Jurisdiction Over Things-Property
      1. 2.5.1. Quasi in rem Jurisdiction
      1. 2.5.2. In rem Jurisdiction
      1. 2.5.3. Type of Property Interest
      1. 2.5.4. Attachment
      1. 2.5.5. Property situs
      1. 2.5.6. Results of Judgment
      1. 2.5.7. Notice
    1. 2.6. Federal Jurisdiction Over the Parties
      1. 2.6.1. Service Statutes
      1. 2.6.2. Federal Questions
      1. 2.6.3. Rule 14 or Rule 19
    1. 2.7. Class Actions
      1. 2.7.1. Notice
    1. 2.8. Defenses to Claims of Jurisdiction
      1. 2.8.1. Timing
      1. 2.8.2. States and Special Appearances
      1. 2.8.3. Federal Courts
      1. 2.8.4. Limited Appearances
    1. 2.9. Venue
      1. 2.9.1. Purpose
      1. 2.9.2. Determination
      1. 2.9.3. Local Actions
      1. 2.9.4. Federal ourts: 28 USC 1391
      1. 2.9.5. Remedies for Improper Venue
      1. 2.9.6. Changing Venue for Convenience
        1. 2.9.6.1. Forum non conveniens
      1. 2.9.7. Multi-district Litigation

  1. 3. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

    1. 3.1. Selecting the Proper Court
    1. 3.2. Article III in General
    1. 3.3. Federal Jurisdiction Generally
      1. 3.3.1. Article III, Sec. 2
      1. 3.3.2. Relation of the 11th Amendment
      1. 3.3.3. Federal Jurisdiction Is Narrowly Defined
      1. 3.3.4. Concurrent Jurisdiction
      1. 3.3.5. Exclusive Jurisdiction
    1. 3.4. Issues of Diversity
      1. 3.4.1. 28 USC 1332(a)
      1. 3.4.2. Criticism of the Doctrine
      1. 3.4.3. Complete Diversity Required
        1. 3.4.3.1. Exception: Statutory Interpleader Cases (28 USC 1335)
        1. 3.4.3.2. Distinguished from Rule 22
      1. 3.4.4. Proper Parties
      1. 3.4.5. Determining Citizenship
        1. 3.4.5.1. Natural Persons Including Aliens
        1. 3.4.5.2. Corporations
        1. 3.4.5.3. Unincorporated Associations
        1. 3.4.5.4. Time for Determining Citizenship
        1. 3.4.5.5. 28 USC 1359
        1. 3.4.5.6. Creating and Destroying Diversity
    1. 3.5. Federal Question
      1. 3.5.1. Article III Limitations
      1. 3.5.2. Underlying Policies
      1. 3.5.3. 28 USC 1331 - Arises Under
      1. 3.5.4. Problems and Criticisms of Arising Under Rule
      1. 3.5.5. Effected by Pleadings
      1. 3.5.6. Federal Laws Defined
      1. 3.5.7. United States as a Party
    1. 3.6. Amount in Controversy
      1. 3.6.1. Reason
      1. 3.6.2. Method to Determine
        1. 3.6.2.1. Money Damages Sought
        1. 3.6.2.2. Non-monetary Damages Sought
        1. 3.6.2.3. Aggregating Claims
        1. 3.6.2.4. Effect of Counterclaims
        1. 3.6.2.5. Horton v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co.
      1. 3.6.3. Federal Question
      1. 3.6.4. Diversity
    1. 3.7. Supplemental Subject Matter Jurisdiction
      1. 3.7.1. Relation to Article III
      1. 3.7.2. 28 USC 1367
      1. 3.7.3. United Mine Workers v. Gibbs
      1. 3.7.4 Defined - Origins
        1. 3.7.4.1. Benefits
        1. 3.7.4.2. Criticisms
        1. 3.7.4.3. Discretionary Nature
      1. 3.7.5. Today Expanded
        1. 3.7.5.1. Ancillary Jurisdiction
        1. 3.7.5.2. Pendent Jurisdiction
        1. 3.7.5.3. Pendent Party Jurisdiction
      1. 3.7.6. Relation between Rule 20, 23 and Rules 19, 24
      1. 3.7.7. Rules 13 and 18
      1. 3.7.8. Joinder of Parties
      1. 3.7.9. Venue
    1. 3.8. Removal to the Federal Courts
      1. 3.8.1. 28 USC 1441 Rather than Constitutional
      1. 3.8.10. Specialized Removal Provisions in Particular Circumstances
      1. 3.8.2. Purpose for Removal
      1. 3.8.3. Requirements for Removal
      1. 3.8.4. Procedure for Removal
      1. 3.8.5. Applicability of Remand When Removal Denied
      1. 3.8.6. Ability to Remove All of Action Because of a Part
      1. 3.8.7. Relation to State Court’s Jurisdiction
      1. 3.8.8. Relation to Amount in Controversy
      1. 3.8.9. Venue
    1. 3.9. Power to Punish Disobedience

  1. 4. Determining the Applicable Law

    1. 4.1. Basics - Type of Problem
      1. 4.1.1. Controlling Law in Federal Courts
      1. 4.1.2. 28 USC 1652
      1. 4.1.3. Selecting the Proper State Law
        1. 4.1.3.1. Conflicts Laws
        1. 4.1.3.2. Klaxon
        1. 4.1.3.3. Transferred Cases
        1. 4.1.3.4. Determining Precedent for State Law
      1. 4.1.4. Enforcement of federal law by state courts
    1. 4.2. Federal Common Law
      1. 4.2.1. Swift v. Tyson
      1. 4.2.2. Problems with Swift
      1. 4.2.3. Common Law Distinguished from Common Law in Swift
      1. 4.2.4. Application of State Law as Federal Common Law
      1. 4.2.5. When to Apply Federal Common Law
        1. 4.2.5.1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
          1. 4.2.5.2. Personal Jurisdiction in Federal Question Cases
    1. 4.3. Erie Doctrine
      1. 4.3.1. Impact on Swift
      1. 4.3.2. Constitutional Implications
    1. 4.4. Post Erie and Its Problems
      1. 4.4.1. Outcome Determinative Test
      1. 4.4.2. Balancing Approach
      1. 4.4.3. Relation to Federal Rules
      1. 4.4.4. Equitable Remedies
      1. 4.4.5. Arguments For and Against Erie

  1. 5. Pleading

    1. 5.1. At Common Law
      1. 5.1.1. Purpose
      1. 5.1.2. Different from Modern Practices
    1. 5.10. Amendment to Pleadings
      1. 5.10.1. Types of Pleading Defects
      1. 5.10.2. Result of Amending Pleadings
      1. 5.10.3. Supplemental Pleadings
    1. 5.11. Variance of Proof
    1. 5.2. Modern Pleadings
      1. 5.2.1. Purpose
      1. 5.2.2. General Requirements of Pleadings
        1. 5.2.2.1 Code Pleadings
          1. 5.2.2.1.1. Facts vs. Evidence
        1. 5.2.2.2. Notice Pleadings
          1. 5.2.2.2.1. FRCP 8(a), 8(b)
        1. 5.2.2.3. Truth and Consistency
          1. 5.2.2.3.1. FRCP 11
      1. 5.2.3. Special Pleading Rules
        1. 5.2.3.1. FRCP 9
    1. 5.3. Federal Code of Civil Procedure
    1. 5.4. Modern Federal Complaint
      1. 5.4.1. Requirements
        1. 5.4.1.1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
        1. 5.4.1.2. Claim
        1. 5.4.1.3. Prayer for Relief
    1. 5.5. Motions against Complaint
      1. 5.5.1. Demurrer vs. Motion to Dismiss
      1. 5.5.2. Substantive Insufficiency
      1. 5.5.3. Challenging Technical Aspects of the Pleadings
      1. 5.5.4. Please in Abatement
      1. 5.5.5. Failure to Plead Defects
      1. 5.5.6. Result and Options from Losing a Motion
    1. 5.6. Counterclaims, Third-party Claims, Cross-claims
      1. 5.6.1. Defined
    1. 5.7. Answer
      1. 5.7.1. Generally
      1. 5.7.2. Admissions
      1. 5.7.3. Denials
      1. 5.7.4. Affirmative Defenses
    1. 5.8. Reply
      1. 5.8.1. When Required
      1. 5.8.2. Limitations to the Reply
      1. 5.8.3. FRCP 7(a), 8(d)
    1. 5.9. Time for Various Pleadings (Timeline and Time Permitted)

  1. 6. Discovery and Pretrial Conference

    1. 6.1. Discovery
      1. 6.1.1. Historically
      1. 6.1.2. Purpose
      1. 6.1.3. Scope
        1. 6.1.3.1. Privileged Matter
        1. 6.1.3.2. Relevant and Irrelevant Information
        1. 6.1.3.3. FRCP26(a)
      1. 6.1.4. Limitations to Discovery
        1. 6.1.4.1. Work Product
        1. 6.1.4.2. Expert Opinions
        1. 6.1.4.3. FRCP 26
      1. 6.1.5. Timing of Discovery
    1. 6.2. Methods
      1. 6.2.1. Depositions
      1. 6.2.2. Interrogatories
      1. 6.2.3. Request for Admission
      1. 6.2.4. Inspection of documents - FRCP 34
      1. 6.2.5. FRCP 35 - Examinations
      1. 6.2.6. Limitations to Methods
        1. 6.2.6.1. Problems with Subpoenas
        1. 6.2.6.2. Need to Update Discovery
        1. 6.2.6.3. FRCP 26(e)
    1. 6.3. Orders and Sanctions
      1. 6.3.1. FCRP 37
      1. 6.3.2. Failure to Comply with Court Order
      1. 6.3.3. Failure to Appear at Dep or to Answer Interrogatories
      1. 6.3.4. False Denial in Response to a Request to Admit
      1. 6.3.5. Failure to Perform Automatic Disclosures
      1. 6.3.6. Motions
        1. 6.3.6.1. To Require a Response
        1. 6.3.6.2. To Have Matters Deemed Admitted
    1. 6.4. Use of Results at Trial
      1. 6.4.1. FRCP 32
      1. 6.4.2. Depositions
        1. 6.4.2.1. Used by Opponents
        1. 6.4.2.2. Contradict Testimony
        1. 6.4.2.3. Unavailability
        1. 6.4.2.4. Inadmissible Portions of a Deposition
      1. 6.4.3. Answers to Interrogatories
      1. 6.4.4. Admissions
    1. 6.5. Pretrial Conference
      1. 6.5.1. Defined
      1. 6.5.2. Purpose of a Pretrial Conference
      1. 6.5.3. FRCP 16
      1. 6.5.4. Settlement
      1. 6.5.5. Mandatory vs. Discretionary Conference – FRCP 16(b)
      1. 6.5.6. Procedural Aspects
        1. 6.5.6.1. Pretrial Order

  1. 7. Trial Procedure

    1. 7.1. Trial Techniques
      1. 7.1.1. Jury Trial
        1. 7.1.1.1. Availability of a Jury Trial
        1. 7.1.1.2. Procedures
        1. 7.1.1.3. Jury Selection
        1. 7.1.1.4. Jury Instructions
        1. 7.1.1.5. Jury Verdicts
          1. 7.1.1.5.1. General Verdict
          1. 7.1.1.5.2. Special Verdict
          1. 7.1.1.5.3. Special Verdict with Interrogatories
        1. 7.1.1.6. Jury Misconduct
      1. 7.1.2. Trials without Jury
      1. 7.1.3. Burden of Proof on Parties
      1. 7.1.4. Presumptions
      1. 7.1.5. Preponderance of the Evidence
      1. 7.1.6. Constitutional Right to Jury Trial
    1. 7.2. Judgment as a Matter of Law - FRCP 50
      1. 7.2.1. Directed Verdict
      1. 7.2.2. Non-suit
      1. 7.2.3. Judgment N.O.V.
        1. 7.2.3.1. Motion for New Trial and Judgment N.O.V.
    1. 7.3. New Trial
      1. 7.3.1. Grounds
      1. 7.3.2. Court’s Discretion
      1. 7.3.3. Review of Grant or Denial of New Trial
    1. 7.4. Remedies - Orders and Judgments
      1. 7.4.1. Provisional Judgments
        1. 7.4.1.1. Attachment
        1. 7.4.1.2. Preliminary Injunctions
        1. 7.4.1.3. Receivership
        1. 7.4.1.4. Arrest
        1. 7.4.1.5. Pendency of Litigation
      1. 7.4.2. Collecting Judgments
        1. 7.4.2.1. Exemptions to Collection
      1. 7.4.3. Contempt
        1. 7.4.3.1. Civil vs. Criminal Contempt
        1. 7.4.3.2. Appealability
    1. 7.5. Adjudication without Trial
      1. 7.5.1. When Does This Occur
      1. 7.5.2. Summary Judgment
      1. 7.5.3. Default Judgment
      1. 7.5.4. Dismissal without Prejudice
      1. 7.5.5. Dismissal with Prejudice
        1. 7.5.5.1. By Court
        1. 7.5.5.2. By Party
      1. 7.5.6. Settlement

  1. 8. Multi-Party and Multi-Claim Jurisdiction

    1. 8.1. Joinder
      1. 8.1.1. Joinder of claims (FRCP 18, 13(a), (b) and 14)
        1. 8.1.1.1. Historically
        1. 8.1.1.2. Today’s Practice
        1. 8.1.1.3. Distinguished from Joinder of Parties
        1. 8.1.1.4. Federal Court Concerns
          1. 8.1.1.4.1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
          1. 8.1.1.4.2. Personal Jurisdiction
          1. 8.1.1.4.3. Venue
      1. 8.1.2. Joinder of Parties
        1. 8.1.2.1. Real Party in Interest
          1. 8.1.2.1.1. Common Law
          1. 8.1.2.1.2. Equity
          1. 8.1.2.1.3. Today’s Practice
          1. 8.1.2.1.4. Arguments For and Against
          1. 8.1.2.1.5. Assignments
          1. 8.1.2.1.6. Subrogation
          1. 8.1.2.1.7. Failure to Join Real Party in Interest
          1. 8.1.2.1.8. Burden of Proving
        1. 8.1.2.2. Capacity to Sue or Be Sued
          1. 8.1.2.2.1. Distinguished from Real Party in Interest
          1. 8.1.2.2.2. Burden of Proving
          1. 8.1.2.2.3. FRCP 17
        1. 8.1.2.3. Joinder Problems in Federal Courts
          1. 8.1.2.3.1. Controlling Law
          1. 8.1.2.3.2. Jurisdiction
          1. 8.1.2.3.3. Venue
        1. 8.1.2.4. Proper Party to Joinder
          1. 8.1.2.4.1. Common Law
          1. 8.1.2.4.2. Equity
          1. 8.1.2.4.3. Today’s Practice
          1. 8.1.2.4.4. Tests Used by Courts
            1. 8.1.2.4.4.1. Common Question of Law or Fact
            1. 8.1.2.4.4.1. Same Transaction or Occurrence
            1. 8.1.2.4.5. FRCP 20
            1. 8.1.2.4.6. Common Rule Used by States
        1. 8.1.2.5. Joinder is Compelled for Some Parties
          1. 8.1.2.5.1. When Will a Court Compel Joinder
            1. 8.1.2.5.1.1. Only Way to Get Relief
            1. 8.1.2.5.1.2. Party Has an Interest in the Subject Matter
          1. 8.1.2.5.2. FRCP 20 Compulsory Joinder
            1. 8.1.2.5.2.1. Competing Interests
            1. 8.1.2.5.2.2. Permissive vs. Necessary Parties
          1. 8.1.2.5.3. Compulsory Joinder Test
            1. 8.1.2.5.3.1. Impair Non-party’s Interest
            1. 8.1.2.5.3.2. Threat of Multiple Liability
          1. 8.1.2.5.4. Joinder Feasibility
          1. 8.1.2.5.5. Procedure
          1. 8.1.2.5.6. Joinder of Different Parties
            1. 8.1.2.5.6.1. Joinder of Non-party as Defendant
            1. 8.1.2.5.6.2. Joinder of Involuntary Plaintiff
        1. 8.1.2.6. Indispensable Party
          1. 8.1.2.6.1. Past View
          1. 8.1.2.6.2. Today’s Practice
          1. 8.1.2.6.3. FRCP 19
          1. 8.1.2.6.4. Determining Indispensability
            1. 8.1.2.6.4.1. Possibility of Prejudice to Either Party
            1. 8.1.2.6.4.2. Shaping Relief
            1. 8.1.2.6.4.3. Possibility for Adequate Relief
            1. 8.1.2.6.4.4. Effect on Plaintiff of Dismissal
            1. 8.1.2.6.4.5. Defect in Joinder
      1. 8.1.3. Consolidation of Claims
        1. 8.1.3.1. FRCP 42(a)
        1. 8.1.3.2. Appealability of Order Denying Consolidation
      1. 8.1.4. Severance of Claims
        1. 8.1.4.1. When Permitted
        1. 8.1.4.2. 28 USC 1406
        1. 8.1.4.3. Appealability of Order Denying Severance
      1. 8.1.5. Separate Trials
        1. 8.1.5.1. FRCP 42(a)
        1. 8.1.5.2. Jury Trials
        1. 8.1.5.3. Trials for Liability vs. Damages
        1. 8.1.5.4. Appealability of Order Denying Separate Trials
    1. 8.2. Class Actions
      1. 8.2.1. Class Actions
        1. 8.2.1.1. Defined
        1. 8.2.1.10. State Court Concerns
        1. 8.2.1.2. Historically
        1. 8.2.1.3. FRCP 23
        1. 8.2.1.4. Requirements
          1. 8.2.1.4.1. Identifiable Class
          1. 8.2.1.4.2. Class Rep Must Be a Member of the Class
          1. 8.2.1.4.3. Class Size
          1. 8.2.1.4.4. Common Questions of Law and Fact Must Exist
          1. 8.2.1.4.5. Claims or Defenses of the Class Rep Is Typical of the Class Members
          1. 8.2.1.4.6. Does the Class Rep Protect Interest of All Class Members
        1. 8.2.1.5. FRCP 23(b)
        1. 8.2.1.6. Class Action Must Be Maintainable
        1. 8.2.1.7. Notice to Absent Class Members
        1. 8.2.1.8. Class Action Judgment
          1. 8.2.1.8.1. FRCP 23(d)
        1. 8.2.1.9. Federal Concerns
          1. 8.2.1.9.1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
          1. 8.2.1.9.2. Personal Jurisdiction
          1. 8.2.1.9.3. Venue
    1. 8.3. Intervention
      1. 8.3.1. Intervention
        1. 8.3.1.1. Defined
        1. 8.3.1.2. Requirements
          1. 8.3.1.2.1. Interest
          1. 8.3.1.2.2. Impairment
          1. 8.3.1.2.3. Adequacy of Representation
        1. 8.3.1.3. Permissive Intervention
        1. 8.3.1.4. Timeliness of a Motion to Intervene
        1. 8.3.1.5. Procedural Aspects
        1. 8.3.1.6. Federal Court Concerns
          1. 8.3.1.6.1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
          1. 8.3.1.6.2. Personal Jurisdiction
          1. 8.3.1.6.3. Venue
        1. 8.3.1.7. Motion to Intervene - Appealability of the Order
    1. 8.4. Interpleader
      1. 8.4.1. Interpleader Actions
        1. 8.4.1.1. Defined
        1. 8.4.1.2. Historically
        1. 8.4.1.3. Today’s Practice
          1. 8.4.1.3.1. FRCPP 22
          1. 8.4.1.3.2. 28 USC 1335, 1297, 2361
          1. 8.4.1.3.3. Who Can Interplead
        1. 8.4.1.4. Requirements for Interpleader Remedy
          1. 8.4.1.4.1. Prerequisites
          1. 8.4.1.4.2. Determination of Rights
        1. 8.4.1.5. Federal Court Concerns
          1. 8.4.1.5.1. Jurisdiction
            1. 8.4.1.5.1.2. Personal
            1. 8.5.1.5.1.1. Subject Matter
          1. 8.4.1.5.2. Amount in Controversy
          1. 8.4.1.5.3. Choice of Law
    1. 8.5. Third Party Practice
      1. 8.5.1. Third Party Practice
        1. 8.5.1.1. Historically
        1. 8.5.1.2. When Are Third Party Claims Permitted
        1. 8.5.1.3. Procedural Aspects
        1. 8.5.1.4. Rights of the Third-party Defendant
          1. 8.5.1.4.1. Plaintiff’s Rights Against the Third Party Defendant
        1. 8.5.1.5. Federal Court Concerns
          1. 8.5.1.5.1. Jurisdiction
            1. 8.5.1.5.1.1. Personal
            1. 8.5.1.5.1.2. Subject Matter
          1. 8.5.1.5.2. Venue
    1. 8.6. Cross-Claims
      1. 8.6.1. Cross-Claims
        1. 8.6.1.1. Defined
        1. 8.6.1.2. Requirements
          1. 8.6.1.2.1. Asserted Against a Co-party
          1. 8.6.1.2.2. Seek Affirmative Relief
          1. 8.6.1.2.3. A Claim Must Already Have Been Asserted Against Them
          1. 8.6.1.2.4. Same Transaction or Occurrence
        1. 8.6.1.3. Impact on Statutes of Limitations
        1. 8.6.1.4. Federal Court Concerns
          1. 8.6.1.4.1. Jurisdiction
          1. 8.6.1.4.2. Venue
        1. 8.6.1.5. State Court Practice
        1. 8.6.1.6. Joinder
    1. 8.7. Counterclaim
      1. 8.7.1. Counterclaim
        1. 8.7.1.1. Historically
        1. 8.7.1.2. Opposing Party Concept
        1. 8.7.1.3. Permissive vs. Compulsory Counterclaims
        1. 8.7.1.4. Result of a Failure to Assert a Compulsory Counterclaim
        1. 8.7.1.5. Procedural Aspects
        1. 8.7.1.6. Joinder

  1. 9. Appellate Review

    1. 9.1. 28 USC 1291
    1. 9.2. Finality vs. Interlocutory Rulings
    1. 9.3. Finality
      1. 9.3.1. Defined
      1. 9.3.2. Exceptions to the Rule
    1. 9.4. Timeliness
    1. 9.5. Appealability
    1. 9.6. Organization of the Appellate System
      1. 9.6.1. State
      1. 9.6.2. Federal